The Greek Middle Ages: c. 1125 - c.700 BC
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Greek colonization of the C8th BC
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It is important to distinguish a colony (apoikia) from a trading station (emporion). A colony was founded from the beginning as a separate state with a separate government, laws and constitution; a trading post was a commercial venture under the control of the parent city. The Greeks migrated westward. The Phoenicians had already colonized west along the coast of Africa, founding Gaddir where now Cadiz stands and Utica in Tunisia. Political refugees from Utica had also established Carthage (meaning "New City"). There was a large level of emigration from Achaia to Italy. Italy became known as Great Greece. Megála, Hellas and Sybaris were founded, and the Sybarites went on to found Poseidonia (Paestum) near modern Salerno. In the period after 750 BC the Greeks expanded westward in greater numbers. Chalkis is credited with founding four cities in Sicily and Rhegion (Reggio) at the "toe" of Italy. They probably did this in collaboration with other Greek cities as the name Naxos of one of the settlements suggests. Around 750 BC the Greek cities Chalkis in Euboia, Kyme and Eretria founded Cumae, where later Neapolis ("New City") came to be. From Cumae the Greek alphabet in its Chalkdian form was imported into Italy. One of the purposes of this was to coordinate the import of tin from a "tin island" in the west. In Sicily the other settlements founded by Chalkis are Leontinoi and Katáne (Catania). Sicily and south Italy provided fertile grain growing regions and in this area Calchis in Euboea founded Naxos (734 BC), Leontinie (728 BC) and Catana; Corinth founded Syracuse (734 BC); the Achaeans founded Sybaris (720 BC), Croton (c. 710 BC) and Metapontum (c. 700 BC). The Chlacidice in northern Aegean was colonised by Calchis and Eretria. Miletus founded colonies on the Black Sea coast. At this time Sparta conquered Messenia subduing the population to slavery. However, some Messenians joined the Chalkidians at Reggio. Civil conflict within Sparta led to a group of Spartans treated as second-class citizens by the dominant faction founding a colony at Taranto. Lokris founded western Lokroi near Reggio. Ionians also colonised the area around the mouth of the river Siris. The Cretans with the assistance of Lindos in Rhodes founded Gela around 688 BC. Greek colonies in the west evolved into cities larger and richer than those that spawned them; maintaining contact with mainland Greece, the men of these colonies made significant contributions to Greek art, literature and philosophy. During the 7th century BC Syracuse rose to become the foremost city of Sicily with a territory extending over the south-east corner of the island.
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Contents of
The Greek Middle Ages: c. 1125 - c.700 BC
1 Population growth and land hunger
2 Economic expansion and the rising "middle class"
3 Cultural developments in Greece during the period of tyrannies
4 Hoplite tactics
5 Factional politics
6 Ethnic tensions
7 The downfall of tyrants in archaic Greece
8 The Dorian and Ionic migrations
9 The Dorians
10 Greek Dark age
11 The Greek City States
12 Greek colonization of the C8th BC
13 Greek colonization of the Aegean and East
14 Greek settlers in the Euxine
15 Causes of the Greek colonization
16 Archaeological evidence for Greek population expansion in C8th BC
17 Foundation of Cyrene
18 Corcyra
19 Olbia
20 The Lelantine war
21 Relations with Egypt
22 Greek Culture during the Greek Middle Ages
23 Introduction of phonetic script
24 Homer
25 Hesiod
26 Foundation of the Olympic Games
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