Knowledge and justification
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Theory of Knowledge, Epistemology and Metaphysics
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Questions regarding what we know are questions considered in Philosophy under the heading of Theory of Knowledge, or Epistemology. Questions regarding what we are are considered in Philosophy under the heading of Metaphysics. There is a very strong connection between these two branches of Philosophy. For example, Plato attempted to demonstrate the existence of the soul by arguing that we have knowledge of an abstract reality that is only consistent with the existence of the soul. This is an argument from the Theory of Knowledge to Metaphysics. He specifically claimed that knowledge of this abstract reality must have been given to each person prior to his birth, and that all knowledge is thus based on recollection of our pre-existence. Since we pre-exist our birth, we must have a non-material soul. Kant gave the name transcendental deduction to any argument that attempts to explain how we can know something that could not be derived from sense-experience. Plato's argument for the immortality of the soul is a form of transcendental deduction since he attempts to explain our capacity to know of abstract reality by postulating the existence and immortality of the soul.
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Contents of
Knowledge and justification
1 The distinction between knowledge and belief
2 Unsound, invalid, possible world and fallacy
3 Counterexample, exposing a fallacy
4 Belief and doubt
5 Believing that and knowing that
6 Knowledge and certainty - the tripartite definition of knowledge
7 True, justified belief
8 Plato: The Theaetetus
9 Plato: Forms
10 The possibility of scepticism and categories of belief
11 Global scepticism
12 The Argument from Authority
13 Valid argument, inference and justification
14 Chain of deductive inferences, self-evident truths
15 Sense experience, empiricism
16 The dialectic method, thesis and antithesis
17 Rationalism and empiricism; the Discourse on the Method
18 The Cogito, Reason and Rational Insight
19 Bertrand Russell, Acquaintance
20 Universals, Forms
21 Scepticism, Existentialism and Faith
22 The evil genius argument
23 Existentialism
24 Soren Kierkegaard - Fear and Trembling - the Absurd
25 Foundation for Knowledge
26 Theory of Knowledge, Epistemology and Metaphysics
27 Rationalism, Mathematics and Logic, Innateness
28 Innate Ideas
29 The a priori
30 Truth by convention, Hume and the Method of Doubt
31 Hume and the distinction between belief and knowledge
32 Hume and the definition of belief
33 Truth as a logical operator on sentences
34 The correspondence theory of truth
35 Wittgenstein: On Certainty
36 Wittgenstein and the coherence theory of truth
37 William James and Pragmatism
38 W.V.O. Quine, pragmatism and the Two Dogmas of Empiricism
39 Postivism and pragmatism
40 Pragmatism and utilitarianism
41 Pragmatism and religiion
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